Lassa fever is an animal-borne, zoonotic, acute viral disease caused by the Lassa virus. It is primarily found in West Africa and is endemic in Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Guinea.
The first documented case occurred in 1969. Lassa fever is named after the town in Nigeria where the first case occurred.
The virus is transmitted to humans through contact with the urine, feces, or saliva of infected rodents, particularly the multimammate rat.
Human-to-human transmission can also occur through direct contact with the bodily fluids of an infected person.
Annually, 100,000 to 300,000 Lassa Fever cases occur, with approximately 5,000 fatalities. Because surveillance for Lassa fever differs by location, these figures are approximate. In some areas of Sierra Leone and Liberia, about 10-16% of people admitted to hospitals annually have Lassa fever.
This shows the serious impact the disease has on the region.
Signs and symptoms of Lassa fever typically occur 1-3 weeks after the patient comes into contact with the virus.
Symptoms of Lassa fever can range from mild to severe and may include fever, headache, muscle aches, weakness, sore throat, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. In severe cases, the virus can cause hemorrhagic fever, which can lead to bleeding from the nose, mouth, and other parts of the body, respiratory distress, and neurological problems.
The commonest complication of Lassa fever is deafness and 15-20% of patients hospitalized for Lassa fever die from the illness. During occasional epidemics, the case fatality rate for Lassa fever rises to 50%.
There is currently no vaccine for Lassa fever, and treatment primarily involves supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. Antiviral drugs such as ribavirin may also be used in severe cases and is most effective when given early in the course of the disease.
Prevention of Lassa fever involves reducing exposure to rodents and their excreta, practicing good hygiene, and avoiding contact with the bodily fluids of infected individuals. In endemic areas, it is important to store food and garbage in rodent-proof containers and to seal any openings in buildings to prevent rodent entry.
Lassa fever is a serious public health concern in West Africa, with outbreaks occurring regularly. It is important for individuals in endemic areas to be aware of the symptoms of Lassa fever and to seek medical attention if they suspect they may be infected.
Author-Ahanta Bred
